This text examines the profound relationship between the concept of human rights and its anthropological foundations. The author argues that the idea of human rights possesses clearly defined anthropological assumptions that shape its essence, while simultaneously producing significant anthropological consequences. Upon investigating the active intellectual approach to the construction of human rights, it becomes evident that various components of the conception of humanity are integral to how these rights are defined. However, this process is not unidirectional. The conception of human rights and its subsequent elaboration within systematic thought about humanity exerts a secondary influence on the understanding of human identity itself. This leads to a transformation of the original anthropological assumptions, creating a dynamic feedback loop. The work thus analyzes how human rights and anthropology are mutually conditioned, how they are reflected in the living context of thinking about humans, and how the theoretical anchoring of rights affects our ontological reflection on the human being.